For instance, endocrine–immune system interactions may play a role in regulating health outcomes and trajectories of cognitive change. Furthermore, hormone–brain interactions can be influenced by the dynamic interplay between sex hormones and other body systems.
Accumulating reports from both basic science and clinical perspectives highlight that exposure to exogenous hormones, such as via hormone-containing contraceptives in adolescence and adulthood, as well as hormone therapy during and after menopause, also have the potential to result in structural and functional brain changes as well as alter cognitive–behavioral outcomes throughout life. The central nervous system is particularly sensitive to circulating sex hormone levels, which are not static, but rather fluctuate across time scales ranging from diurnal to decades (i.e., major hormonal transition periods, including puberty/adolescence, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, the postpartum period, and menopause). Sex hormones, including estrogens, progestogens, and androgens, exert broad systems-level effects on mammalian biology, reaching far beyond their classic roles in reproduction. This Research Topic is part of the Sex Hormone Fluctuations Across the Female Lifespan: Mechanisms of Action on Brain Structure, Function, and Behavior series: Sex Hormone Fluctuations Across the Female Lifespan: Mechanisms of Action on Brain Structure, Function, and Behavior, Volume II
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